Pioneers
of
Education in
Memphis |
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This page recognizes the
early, important pioneers of education in Memphis. Listed
below are just a few of the educators who made a difference in the
foundation of the Memphis City Schools. |
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Miss Jennie M. Higbee
... and The Higbee School
Probably no name is as important in the history of early education in
Memphis, as that of Miss Jennie M. Higbee. Miss Higbee was born in
1939 and came to Memphis from New Jersey in the late 1800s and taught for
awhile at St. Mary's School and then moved to the Female High School at
Court and 3rd for 10 years.
This position led to the Higbee School.
It was thought by her friends
that she would be most useful by placing her at the head of a school they
were establishing in 1875 and originally called the Presbyterian Grammar
and High School, with Miss Jennie M. Higbee, principal. In
1879 the name was changed to "Miss Higbee's High School," and in 1882 to
The Higbee School." |
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An 1888 Ad in The
Daily Avalanche |
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The Higbee School
was located at the intersection of Beale and Lauderdale.
The building was a three-story brick with seventeen rooms
devoted to study and recitation. The grounds were beautifully
shaded with oaks, elms and magnolias. In addition a new building
has just been completed on the grounds . It was an imposing
structure and well arranged to meet all requirements.
Besides the common branches of an English education, the course
of study included the higher English branches, natural sciences,
literature, ancient and modern languages, music, phonography,
painting and wood carving. The object of the principal of this
school is expressed in her motto, "Not many things, but much."
The Higbee School quickly became one of the South's leading
educational institutions for young women.
Jenny Higbee passed away in 1903 and the school could not
survive without her, and it closed in 1910. The Memphis
Trades and Labor Council purchased the property in 1921 and
remodeled the building for their headquarters. In 1972 the
old building was demolished. There is a memorial to Miss
Higbee in Overton Park and Higbee Avenue is named for her. |
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Click on small photo for an enlargement |
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The Higbee School |
The Higbee School |
An early Calendar
with Higbee School |
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Monument to Miss
Higbee, Overton Park |
The Higbee School |
The Higbee School -
remodeled |
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Annie
Christine Reudelhuber
... "Miss Christine"
Long-time principal of SMITH School (Market Street School) from 1882 – 1920.
When she died in 1920, the school was re-named CHRISTINE School. This new
name was the last, and the school was demolished in 1964-65.
In the
early part of the nineteenth century John D. and Evelyn M. (Wilhelm)
Reudelhuber, who were born, reared and married in the Rhine Provinces of Germany, immigrated to the the United States and settled in New Orleans. They had five children - three sons and two daughters.
Then they moved to Memphis, where their children were educated in the
Memphis city schools. |
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The family was noted as possessing many "sterling qualities of head and
heart." One of the sons was quite a military genius, and served in the light
artillery at the age of seventeen in the Civil War. The eldest daughter, Christine, a product of the public schools, became a
teacher at the age of fifteen, and was promoted until she became
principal of the largest school in Memphis. Her sister, Pauline,
also graduated in the Memphis city schools with honors, and became
principal of the Merrill School. Both distinguished themselves not
only as efficient teachers, but as able disciplinarians.
Many of the city's most successful
principals and teachers received their training under Miss Christine's
careful and strick supervision. She was a wonderful disciplinarian,
fair and just, but a stickler for strict obedience. Her word was law
and no one dared challenge it. Yet all teachers regarded her with
great affection and those who knew her best admired her learning and deep
wisdom.
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Miss Christine had a distinct sense of
fashion - favoring very elaborate and tall hats with plumes.
In nearly every photo of her taken at the Market Street School over
the years she is pictured wearing a new hat. One wonders if
she didn't spend most of her salary on this fashion statement and
whether she might have worn the tall hats to appear taller than the
students and more in control? |
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Mrs. E. J. Crockett
Mrs. E. J. Crockett,
was the long-time principal of Memphis High School. She was the
daughter of Edward and Eliza (Johnson)
Belcher. He was a native of Boston, Mass., and her
mother a native of Alabama. From Boston, her father went to Virginia, and
finally came to West Tennessee, locating at Bolivar, where he became
distinguished as a lawyer. After marriage they lived at Bolivar a short
time and then went to Oxford, Miss, where they made their permanent home. Their family consisted
of seven children — three sons and four daughters. Two of the boys chose
the profession of their father. |
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Mrs. Crockett was born at Bolivar, Tenn. but received
her education at Oxford, Miss, graduating from the female seminary. In
1862 she and William H. Crockett
were married. During the late war he fought for the Southern
cause, being a staff officer of Gen. Hindman. At the battle of Shiloh he
was severely wounded, and never fully recovered. The Crockett's had hree children. After the death of her husband Mrs.
Crockett began teaching, and after assisting in the Memphis High School
for a short period, became principal in 1875 and continued in that
position until 1890. In 1891 she became principal of the Senior
Department of the Smith School (Market Street).
Note: This website believes that Crockett Technical High
School is named for Mrs. Crockett, but we have been unable to find
documentation of this. |
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Charles Henry Collier August
25, 1841- May 9, 1923
A native of
Virginia, he served in the Engineering Corps of the Navy for four years
before coming to Memphis in 1871. Here, he was an assistant teacher
in the Memphis High School, and afterwards served as principal of the
Smith School and The Leath School. In 1880 he was chosen
Superintendent of Memphis Schools and served in that position for 12
years.
Son of Charles
H. Collier and Sarah Cowles of Virginia. In 1879 he married Julia
Bingham and they had 4 children. |
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Miss Alice O'Donnell
... Miss Alice
Alice O’Donnell, a native Memphian, was born July 7, 1865. She began
her career at the old Market School in 1886, where she had graduated the
year before. Her next position was at the Memphis High School, and then
a period at Vocational High School, and finally 15 years as Assistant
Principal of Tech High School. Throughout her 45 years of teaching she
had probably taught more Memphis girls and boys than any teacher in the
city. |
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She taught history and English and was regarded as an authority on
history. She never ceased to study and took many courses at Columbia
University, University of Tennessee, and other colleges, as well as
traveling in practically every country in Europe. Active in club,
educational and civic projects, Miss O’Donnell held many offices in
various organizations. She was literacy chairman of the City Federation
of Parent-Teacher Associations and state chairman of education for the
League of Women Voters. And she was elected 6th Vice
President of the City Federation of PTA.
At the time of her death, May 15, 1931, she was planning a book on Andrew
Jackson, her favorite historical character. Her death was from
pneumonia, arising out of a sinus attack. She was borne to her grave by
“her boys” – the cadet officers of Tech High School ROTC. The entire
student body attended the services, each bringing a rose to be dropped on
the casket at the cemetery. |
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Miss Clara Conway ... and the
Conway Institute
Clara
Conway was born in New Orleans on August 14, 1844. She was educated at
St. Agnes Academy, Memphis, but her main education was by her own study at
home. She traveled extensively in the United States and in Europe and her
special gift was to prepare girls for college – primarily Vassar and
Wellesley.
Early in her career, she was principal of the Alabama Street School and
the Market Street School. In 1877
she left a prominent position in the public schools to open a high grade
school for girls.
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Conway Institute on
Poplar, west of Orleans |
She began with 50
pupils, one assistant, and $300 of borrowed money. In 1884-'85 a
number of public-spirited citizens of Memphis
came to her assistance, organized a stock company,
incorporated the school incorporated, and a building erected. Miss
Conway proposed to call the school the
Margaret Fuller School, but instead, the trustees named it the
Clara Conway Institute. From the small
beginning the institute became very successful and continued until
1893.
Her school claimed a fine reference library, a well-equipped
gymnasium, a science lab, and a complete arts studio. There were
courses in voice, piano, theory, and public speaking. Over the
years she won the friendship of famous artist, musicians, authors
and scientists. |
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Clara Conway had hoped to
found a school that would make women economically independent and she
believed a solid education would do this. She became one of the most
prominent figures in education in the South and her school held a unique
place in the region as a major preparatory school for young women.
The circumstances of the school's demise in 1893 are somewhat unclear but
appear to have stemmed from conflict between Conway and her trustees.
She was determined to carry out the college-preparatory idea over the
opposition of her financial backers who wrote about "too much ambition on
the part of the principal"
After the closure of her school, she continued to teach for a few years on
a much smaller scale, with herself as the sole teacher. Her
influence on students was deep and lasting. Clara Conway died in
1904. |
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J. L. Highsaw
James Leonard
Highsaw became principal of Crockett Vocational High in 1918 and continued
in that position as the school officially became Tech High School.
He remained principal of Tech until his retirement in 1957. He
estimated that he had signed over 10,000 diplomas.
Born in Pecan Gap, Texas, Highsaw began teaching at 17 in a one-room
school house and continued teaching while going to college at the
University of Oklahoma - graduating in 1911. Later, he attended the
University of Texas.
Mr. Highsaw came
to Memphis in 1912, just after his marriage to May Baker, and was head of
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Science
Department, and the Debate Coach at Central High until 1918. From his position at
Central, he was promoted to principal at Crockett Vocational High in 1918.
At Central and at Tech, he was well known as a good public speaker and
debate master. His master's thesis at the University of Oklahoma was
on debating and it became "the" authority for schools around the country.
Professor Highsaw was
particularly adept at telling about his "dream" the night before the
Tech-Central football games. Of course, in his dreams, Tech always
won.
At Crockett
Vocational High School, Mr. Highsaw oversaw tremendous growth at the
school, and pushed for a new and modern "technical" school for the South.
He was also instrumental in getting the name changed from "Vocational" to
"Technical". And the R.O.T.C. was organized during his first year.
After retiring in 1957 he was made a librarian of the U. S. House of
Representatives.
Two of his sons
graduated from Tech in 1931 and 1934. Both of them were excellent scholars,
as well as president and valedictorian of their class. Both became successful lawyers, educators,
and writers. |
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J. W. A. Pettit
J. W. A. Pettit is known as the
“Father of Memphis City Schools”,
He
was the first to urge the Board of Aldermen of Memphis to establish a
system of free schools for the city. This was early in 1848, and in
accordance with his advice the members of the board had schools opened
each of the respective wards. Mr. Pettit opened the first
school at the northeast corner of Third and Overton Streets, in the house
of Mrs. Moore, whom he employed as teacher. Subsequently he opened a
second school, with Mr. Walker as teacher, near the corner of Main and
Overton Streets.
Through Pettit’s
influence, Memphis began assigning city treasury funds to schools with a
first year budget of $20,000. Petit, the first superintendent, was
not paid. Then, in 1852 the treasury imposed a city school tax rate,
followed by a county school tax rate in 1854.
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The creation of these
tax rates allowed children who formerly couldn't afford school tuition to
receive a public education, but it would still be another 20 years before
public education was extended to black citizens. |
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J. T. Leath
Leath High
School was named for him. He was Supt of Education in 1869.
Son of Sarah Leath who founded Memphis' first orphanage, the Porter-Leath
Orphanage in 1850. |
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Eugene Magevney
The
name of Magevney is remembered in Memphis today for one reason, the
Magevney House. This popular tourist attraction in Memphis' “Victorian
Villiage“ was given to the city by his grand daughter and totally restored
by the city. Eugene Magevney was born in Ireland in 1798 and had
hoped to become a priest, but later decided he was more dispositioned
towards teaching.
He arrived
in Memphis in 1833 when the city was only 14 years old. There was no
public education program, but Magevney was allowed to use a small log
house in Court Square. During this period, there was little interest
in teaching girls or poor children, but the city's well-heeled residents
were glad to have education for their children. One problem from the
start was that some parents paid |
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“in kind“
- the practice of paying with something other than money. In this case it
was land, lots and lots of cheap land. And so Eugene Mageveney
became a very rich man. By the time of his death in 1873, his net
worth was $3.5 million dollars. This was all in solid Union currency so
Magevney survived the war and “Reconstruction“ with his wealth intact.
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In 1840 Magevney sent to Ireland for his intended, one Mary Smyth (a
former pupil). The previous year he had purchased the small house where
he was boarding. This is the house known today as The Magevney House.
Memphis' first Catholic mass was celebrated in this house. One year later
the first Catholic wedding was performed here and the following year, the
first christening.
At the age of 42
Magevney quit teaching to devote all of his time to real estate. After
surviving two bouts of Yellow Fever, Eugene Magevney succumbed to the
Yellow Fever of 1873. He died at 75 years old.
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J. W. Curtis
1st Principal of Vocational
School |
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T. C. Anderson
First principal of
Memphis High School on Market and 3rd. |
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N. M. Williams
Principal Leath High School
and Memphis High School .
First principal of Central
High. |
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J. H. Barnum
From 1863-67, there was virtually no
mention of educating blacks or of black schools in Memphis. In 1867 the
State compeled all cities to educate blacks and Memphis quickly delegated
the running of black schools to J. H. Barnum, who was named as
the first Superintendent of Colored Schools.
The first recorded
black public school was Clay Street School. Founded in 1873,
it closed its doors in 1950. It was the first
brick school for blacks, and J.
H. Barnum, a northern missionary, was named the first Principal.
This school had a biracial staff of 8 teachers.
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Fannie Kiddoo (or Kidder)
The first free colored
school was opened in 1863 in a barrack building in South Memphis by Miss
Fannie Kiddoo(Kidder) - "...a lady of culture and high Christian character
from Illinois"
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B.K.Sampson-2nd
Principal . Clay School
Sarah Clark . Chelsea School
Mary Johnson - Mary Tyler - Elya Mitchell - Rose Kinney
Julia B. Hooks - known more
as an activist for civil rights than as an educator.
Ida B. Wells - known more as an activist for civil rights than as an educator. |
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The newspaper articles below are very interesting.
Click on the fragment to enlarge the complete article.
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